Electron Microscope Video (10,000,000x) - DNA replication & Protein synthesis. PKNN TV - Pak Learning 24

This video shows the inside of the cell during the process of DNA replication and central dogma ( the protein synthesis ). The video is ten million times zoomed than the actual size of the cell.

One can easily understand the process of protein synthesis and DNA replication ( the doubling of the DNA ). The different parts of the cell are visualized by the process of staining.

Transcription

Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes.

Transcription is one of the fundamental processes that happens to our genome. It's the process of turning DNA into RNA. And you may have heard about the central dogma, which is DNA, to RNA, to protein. Well, transcription refers to that first part of going from DNA to RNA. And we transcribe DNA to RNA in specific places. The most popular places are those things that code for these protein-encoding genes. But there are a whole host of other RNAs that get transcribed, like transfer RNAs and ribosomal RNAs, that do other functions that are genomic as well.

Translation 

Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three bases to assemble the protein.

"Translation" literally means "to carry across"; that's what translation means. In this case, what is being carried across is information that originally was in the genome, enshrined in DNA, then gets transcribed into messenger RNA. And then that information is translated from the messenger RNA to a protein. So we're taking the same information, but it's going from one form to another; a nucleic acid code to an amino acid code in a protein. That translation is done not in individual letters. It's very much like the human language or any other language that, in this case, all the words are the same length. They're all three words long, and the reader in this case is something called a ribosome, which is this big, multi-subunit molecular machine that travels along the mRNA, and it reads much like a person reading Braille does. It reads along, detects what are these letters underneath it, and when it detects what those three letters are, it decides what the amino acid is supposed to be that it adds to the growing amino acid chain, polypeptide chain, to become a protein. Those mRNA letters are called a codon, and each codon codes for a different amino acid. And eventually those amino acids are all joined together to assemble a protein.

Electron Microscope

The electron microscope is operated in a vacuum. It can be classified into two types. One type is the transmission electron microscope (TEM), which requires a very think solid as a track detector, such as a mica flake. Its resolution usually is about 1 nm–10 μm. Very high voltage and antivibration transmission electron microscopes can even resolute individual atoms. Another type is the scanning electron microscope (SEM), which can resolve about 2 nm–50 μm. When using a scanning electron microscope to measure tracks, it is best to have a sputter coater or a vacuum evaporation chamber to prepare a conductive layer on the surface of the etched detector so that the detector surface changes to be conductive to electrons.

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