In the following little piece of writing, I am going to cover the following major points. After reading this article, you will be able to know:
- Various types of COVID-19 Vaccines found yet.
- Which
country uses which vaccine (Regional classification)
- Which
COVID-19 is being used in Pakistan?
- Either
good to take the vaccine or not?
- Price
of first COVID-19 vaccine shot/dose.
- Rout
of vaccine administration, mechanism of action.
- People's
opinions about Vaccination; Microchips, Bill Gates, Doctors.
- Phases
of vaccination.
Various types of COVID-19 Vaccines found yet:
There
are about 15 different COVID-19 vaccines developed in various regions of the
world. National regulatory authorities have granted emergency use and full use authorizations
for these fourteen vaccines, which are listed with their mechanism type as
under:
- Comirnaty (BNT162b2) or Pfizer, BioNTech; Fosun Pharma - (mRNA-based vaccine)
- Moderna (mRNA-1273) - (mRNA-based vaccine)
- Oxford–AstraZeneca (AZD1222) – (also known as Vaxzevria and Covishield) - Adenovirus vaccine
- Sputnik V - (Recombinant adenovirus vaccine (rAd26 and rAd5)
- Janssen (JNJ-78436735; Ad26.COV2.S) or Johnson & Johnson - Non-replicating viral vector
- CoronaVac (Sinovac)- Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 (Vero cells)
- BBIBP-CorV - Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 (Vero cells)
- EpiVacCorona - Peptide vaccine (Subunit)
- WIBP-CorV - Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2 (Vero cell)
- ZF2001 - Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2
- Covishield - (serum institute of india) - Non replicating viral vector
- BBV152 (Covaxin) - Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2
- Ad5-nCoV (Convidicea) - Adenovirus vector (recombinant Ad5)
- CoviVac - Inactivated SARS‑CoV‑2
- CanSino (PakVac) - Adenovirus vector (recombinant Ad5)
Note: One vaccine may have many regional or geographical
names. Most essential and famous have been mentioned here above.
There are dozens of other COVID-19 vaccines that are yet on
trial and would be included in the above list over time. Some of them are; Novavax,
Sanofi–GSK, CureVac, SOBERANA 02, CIGB-66, Walvax COVID-19 vaccine (ARCoV),
etc.
Which country uses which vaccine (Regional classification):
It's important to keep in mind that only five countries have developed COVID-19 vaccines to date, but they're used and distributed all over the world. Their safety and efficacy determine the market for such vaccines. These five countries are; China, Russia, United States, UK, and India.
COVID-19 Vaccines developed by the United States:
- Pfizer-BioNTech
(Comirnaty) - also found by Germany
- Moderna
- Johnson &
Johnson’s Janssen
The best COVID-19
vaccine is the first one (Comirnaty) that is available to you. Do
not wait for a specific brand. All currently authorized and recommended
COVID-19 vaccines are safe, effective, and reduce
your risk of severe illness. CDC does
not recommend one vaccine over another, but Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty) is one
of the several multinational vaccines.
COVID-19 Vaccines developed by China:
Since China has produced five separate
coronavirus vaccines and is attempting to manufacture more and more generas, it
does not import the COVID-19 vaccine. They are;
- · Convidicea (Ad5-nCoV)
- · CoronaVac (SinoVac)
- · BBIBP-CorV (SiniPharm)
- · WIBP-CorV
- · ZF2001
COVID-19 vaccine developed by Russia:
Russia
has also participated in the biological competition, developing three vaccines
proven to be successful so far.
- ·
Sputnik V
- ·
EpiVacCorona
- · CoviVac
COVID-19 vaccine developed by the UK:
While the United Kingdom (Sweden) has only developed one vaccine, the
Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, it is in high demand worldwide due to its
superior efficacy and several countries are awaiting its import.
COVID-19 vaccine developed by India:
Despite its status as a developing nation, India has
developed a coronavirus vaccine and competed in the global biological
challenge.
Recently another vaccine has been developed by India, the Covishield by Serum institute of India.
Note: Just five countries produce COVID-19 vaccines, as
previously stated, but they market them all over the world. Vaccines from
multiple countries may be delivered to a single developing country. A country,
on the other hand, may prefer one vaccine over another.
Which COVID-19 vaccine is currently used in Pakistan?
COVID-19 vaccine is yet to be developed in Pakistan.
Despite numerous pharmaceutical companies, none of them have produced a vaccine
of even lower quality. But recently in May 2021, with the aid of China Pakistan has produced a COVID vaccine called CanSino, currently used by a very little population of Pakistan. Government of Pakistan imports COVID-19 vaccine from
three different countries, which are;
- ·
From the UK: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine ( Also called; Vaxzevria
or Covishield)
- ·
From Russia: Sputnik-V COVID-19 vaccine
- · From China: BBIBP-CorV ( Also called; Sinopharm ), SinoVac (CoronaVac) and Pak-China co-produced CanSino vaccine.
Either good to take the vaccine or not?
All
authorized vaccines are very good at preventing severe infection,
hospitalization, and death from COVID-19. CDC and WHO recognize all the vaccines
mentioned above. Although there are some side effects of vaccination. Reported
side effects to COVID-19 vaccines have mostly been mild to moderate and
short-lasting. They include:
- fever
- fatigue
- headache
- muscle pain
- chills
- diarrhea
- pain at the injection site
The chances of any of these side effects following vaccination
differ according to the specific COVID-19 vaccine.
More severe or long-lasting side effects to vaccines are possible
but extremely rare. Vaccines are continually monitored to detect rare adverse
events.
Price of first COVID-19 vaccine shot/dose:
Covid-19 vaccines are free to
consumers and vaccination providers because the federal government paid
manufacturers to produce and deliver vaccines.
While in Pakistan ;
In early
February, Pakistan health authorities granted emergency use authorization for
Russia’s Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V) vaccine. They permitted Ali Gohar
Pharmaceutical (AGP), a private pharmaceutical company, to import and sell the
vaccine.
Last week, AGP brought the first shipment of 50,000 Sputnik V
doses into Karachi – but disagreement over price has put the private vaccination
rollout on hold.
Initially, the government had approved private importation without
fixing a price. But it later classified COVID-19 vaccines in the “hardship”
category of medicines, which enables the Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan
(DRAP) to set a maximum price.
The government then fixed the sale price at around $55 for two
doses. But AGP says this is too cheap, while Transparency International
believes it is too high.
According to Transparency’s letter to Prime Minister Khan, “the
federal cabinet has fixed the maximum retail price of Sputnik-V Russian vaccine
at PKR8449 (US$54.46) for two doses and China’s Conividecia at PKR4225 ($27.30)
per injection”.
However, said Transparency, the global price set for the Sputnik-V
is $10 per dose.
“This means that, internationally, the two doses of Sputnik V are
available at $20. However, the approved price for its commercial sale in
Pakistan is 160% higher than the international price,” said the letter.
Rout of vaccine administration, mechanism of action:
The main route of COVID-19 vaccine administration is in the form of intramuscular injection. On the other hand,
the mechanism of action of these vaccines may be different. Some are given
below;
- Inactivated SARS-CoV
- Subunit (peptide)
- Adenovirus vector (recombinant
vaccine)
- Messenger RNA based vaccine (mRNA
based)
Note: You can study these various types of vaccination separately.
People's opinions about Vaccination; Microchips, Bill Gates, Doctors.
Some
analysts have added that coronavirus vaccination around the globe is
distributed not only for public safety but also to bring people online and
track them whenever needed. Because the new microchips have a size smaller than
0.1mm, they can easily be implanted and injected into the human being, and it
is practically seen a few years back. But, according to the Australian
Government – Department of health;
- None of the COVID-19 vaccines in development contain software or microchips.
- They cannot be used to track people.
“We will issue cards that will display the person whether vaccinated or not, and that card as a credential will be used to authorize and permit him in routine life jobs,” Gates said in an interview.
Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine has recently shown severe adverse and side effects in the United States.
According to CDC, “ Johnson & Johnson’s Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine: CDC and FDA have recommended a pause in the use of Johnson & Johnson’s J&J/Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine in The United States out of an abundance of caution, effective Tuesday, April 13. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) will hold its second emergency meeting to discuss J&J/Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine on April 23, 2021. People who have received the J&J/Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine within the past three weeks who develop a severe headache, abdominal pain, leg pain, or shortness of breath should seek medical care right away.
Phases of vaccination:
Phases
of COVID-19 vaccination process simply mean ‘which category of people are
preferred to be vaccinated first.’ For example; In the first phase, all the doctors
and health care workers who were at significant risk were preferred over the
public.
In the second phase, vaccines were provided to the people who were comparatively at
greater risk of getting an infection. While in the third phase, it is going to
be distributed to the public without any priority. The vaccine was expensive in the first and second phases, but wealthy people could still have it without hesitation.
References: CDC, WHO, COVID-19 vaccine tracker, Wikipedia, pharmaceutical technology, Bharat Biotech
Written by: Shaheed Ullah (Khyber Medical University), April 23, 2021
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